A few years ago, traditional vegetables and local foods in Kenya were largely perceived as foods of the poor and of the past. Local markets were dominated by three exotic vegetables: cabbage, kale (locally known as sukuma wiki) and Swiss chard (spinach).
Unhealthy ‘junk’ food was gaining popularity, especially among younger people. This trend was worrying because Kenyan communities risked losing their healthy traditional foods and the cultural heritage associated with them, including language, knowledge, skills and practices.
This carried the risk of serious consequences. First, it would narrow dietary diversity. Second, it would increase the dependence on market food, which consequently increases household spending on food. Third, it would have a negative impact on people’s health. And lastly, it would deny producers and marketers of traditional foods (who are mainly women) opportunities to make money.
To address the growing bias against traditional Kenyan foods, local and international institutions, including research organisations, government ministries, non-governmental and community-based organisations, and universities rolled out nutrition research on the value in local foods.
This was done in three phases. The first phase, 1995 to 1999, prioritised 24 vegetables out of a total of 210 in Kenya for detailed research and promotion. Prioritisation was based on preference by local communities, marketability and health benefits.
Phase two (2001 to 2006) focused on vegetable seed collection, improvement and distribution, as well as developing protocols for cultivation. Researchers also documented recipes, carried out nutritional analyses, increased awareness of the health benefits of these 24 vegetables and linked farmers to markets.
By 2003, the tide had begun to turn. Traditional vegetables had been introduced in most supermarkets and negative attitudes had largely changed. Today, traditional leafy vegetables such as mchicha, managu and saga are commonplace in restaurants, street markets and homes. And eating them no longer attracts stigma.
This push to promote and safeguard traditional foods in Kenya, which I was a part of, caught UNESCO’s attention. During the institution’s 16th session of the Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage in December 2021, Kenya’s efforts were nominated and then placed on the Register of Good Safeguarding Practices (Decision 16.COM 8.c.3).
UNESCO’s Register of Good Safeguarding Practices allows states, communities and other stakeholders to share successful experiences and examples of transmitting their living heritage (traditional foods, in the case of Kenya).
The case for selection
The intangible heritage in traditional foods includes knowledge, social practices, skills, language, beliefs and taboos related to food. All these constitute the foodways of a cultural group. Foodways also include knowledge and practices about producing and using food, and encompass recipes, decorative skills, names of food species and uses of food in ceremonies.
In selecting the Kenyan case, the intergovernmental committee noted that it:
- led to the safeguarding of foodways and traditional foods
- promoted traditional foods for wider use for better health and livelihoods
- promoted intergenerational exchange of knowledge by including schoolchildren
- addressed major threats to the use of traditional foods
- was supported by evidence.
Why it matters
The listing of Kenya’s efforts on the Register of Good Safeguarding Practices is a significant decision for the country, and reflects the principles and objectives of the 2003 Convention on safeguarding intangible heritage.
This means that the approaches used to promote local foods in Kenya can be applied at regional and international levels, and can serve as a model for safeguarding food cultural heritage.
Years of research have shown that these neglected traditional foods are highly nutritious. They are also part of the local food culture and are adapted to local environments.
Nutritional and cultural value
The leaves of the spider plant, for example, give many times more vitamin A than cabbage. Vitamin A is vital for skin, eyes and general growth.
Another important plant is leaf amaranth, which gives up to 12 times the amount of iron and calcium, and nearly twice the amount of fibre as cabbage.
The leaves of cassava, a major vegetable in central African nations, are rich in proteins. A single serving, or 100 grams of the leaves, can provide up to three times the recommended daily intake of vitamin A in children and adults.
The fruit pulp of the baobab can supply as much as ten times the amount of vitamin C as an orange, by weight.
Insects, such as flying termites, and birds, like quails, are a major source of protein, and many communities have developed skills for trapping them. Other important local foods include mushrooms, of which there are hundreds of edible types. A loss of knowledge about them is rendering them unusable.
The high nutrient content in traditional foods and vegetables means they can help alleviate malnutrition. In Kenya, for instance, stunting in children under five years in 2008-2012 was at 35.3%, going down to 26% by 2014.
Additionally, many developing countries, including Kenya, are battling a new problem – the rise in non-communicable diseases like cancer and heart diseases. Traditional vegetables show high antioxidant activity and can be useful for preventing these diseases.
When a species loses its value in a community or society, it is likely to disappear. When the species is lost, it takes with it all its associated intangible cultural heritage. Promoting indigenous foods promotes conservation of species (and biodiversity), which is good for the planet. It also slows or halts cultural erosion.
Patrick Maundu, Ethnobotanist, National Museums of Kenya
This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license.
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